Power distance one important element of culture is. The IBM studies revealed that (a) women’s values differ less among societies than men’s values; (b) men’s values from one country to. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Power Distance Index, long-term orientation, uncertainty avoidance and more. Later, researchers added restraint vs. ” In addition, the three countries under study diverge on other dimensions, such as individualism (vs. The power-distance index measures the degree to which the members of a group or society accept the hierarchy of power and authority. 2) Individualism Versus Collectivism. singh Power Distance Index. measures power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system. The Power Distance Index measures how a culture handles inequality. Measures tolerance of social inequality, that is power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system. long-term orientation. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. world's second largest religion. consumer. Cultures Crossing offers cross-cultural simulations which allow (business) students at many levels to. sav (SPSS) format, the base culture data for six dimensions of culture as presented in Cultures and Organizations 3rd edition 2010. Power distance index (PDI): The power distance index is defined as "the extent to which the less powerful. Disruption two. This measurement can declare or reveal characteristics info relationships between bosses and subordinates around the world. xls, . MEASURING POWER Executive summary The 2019 Lowy Institute Asia Power Index ranks 25 countries and territories in the Asia- Pacific in terms of their ability to exercise power. A country that has high power index indicates that it has a strong concept regarding societal hierarchy,. >the degree to which a society considers achievement or nurture. collectivism) and power distance (Power distance Index measures the extent to which the less powerful members of society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally). 3. Answer- the degree of a society’s level of inequality endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Ranked 6 of 26 for comprehensive power, with an overall score of 30. 11 Elements of Culture (3 of 4) Rituals patterns of behavior and. Originally power distance index was proposed by Hofstede in his cultural dimensions theory (Hofstede 1980). 29 China* 46. It suggests that a society’s level of inequality is endorsed. In a collective. focuses on assertiveness and achievement . Power distance is one of the four cultural dimensions developed by Geert Hofstede, which exists with different indexes in different cultures. Terms in this set (11) Power distance. S. The Power distance index measures the degree of hierarchy and focus of power and authority in the society House et al. BA 302 Chapter 9. Administrative science quarterly, 286-316. Measures the tolerance of uncertainty and ambiguity among. Power distance also relates to the degree to which inequalities are acceptable within the organisational hierarchy. Some consider the PDI of a comparison between the "haves" and have nots". Power distance is a cultural dimension, which impacts the relationship between superiors and subordinates within organizations, and is known to influence the functioning of participation in. The lowest ranked countries for. You must understand the culture of the consumer because that is what creates the market. Hofstede (1985)defines power distance as “the extent to which the members of a society accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally” (p. The power distance index (PDI) is a measure of national cultures used in the field of international business. This dimension is essentially a measure of. Asia Power Index 2019 Methodology 2 I. Power distance index is when the less powerful members of an organization or institution expect power to be distrusted unequally. 3a measures distance between target and acquirer country political variables and their impact on the M&A abandonment likelihood. A culture that gives great deference to a person of authority is a High Power Distance culture, and a culture that values the equal treatment of everyone is a Low Power Distance culture. Power distance index (PDI) measures the extent to which people accept the inequality of power in a society or organization. Masculinity versus its opposite, femininity refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. Masculinity vs. Chapter 1. Power distance index. expect and accept that power as distributed unequally. 3). Hofstede originally identified four dimensions for defining work-related values associated with national culture: power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity. The power distance index – this measures the extent in which inequality and power. tend be hierarchical, with members citing social roles, manipulation, and inheritance as sources of. Individualism index: The index measure the extent to which a society is individualistic. Originally power distance index was proposed by Hofstede in his cultural dimensions theory (Hofstede 1980). In the table, we break Hofstede’s scores into high (70–100), medium (40–69), and low (0–39). This inequality is accepted by the people. Power Distance Index (PDI): this measures the degree of vertical, hierarchical power structuring in society. 5) Long- Versus Short-Term Orientation. There are 3 steps to solve this one. Hofstede's Power Distance: Definition & Examples; Comparing Low & High Power Distance Cultural Communications; Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory; Cultural Differences in Negotiations and ConflictsPower distance is a measure of power dynamics; the differences in relative power between superiors and subordinates…. A high Power Distance Index represents a society where most people accept that inequality is just a part of life and there is no. the extent to which a community accepts and endorses authority, power differences, and status privileges. A low power distance culture looks at people as equals, and work is a collaborative process. It was introduced in the 1970s by Geert Hofstede, who outlined a number of cultural theories throughout his work. Cultures with high PDI scores tend to be hierarchical and value power and social status 3. Power Distance Index measures _____. Power distance is a measurement for understanding the degree to which people in a country or a company view inequality. 437). The method to calculate the power distance index is provided in details in the two versions of . A low uncertainty avoidance index indicates a high tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. In Asian cultures people are more relaxed about social status and the appearance of power. Individualism/ Collectivism Index. Power distance Index measures the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. It is used to determine the extent to which the people of a. uncertainty avoidance index. Manhattan Distance: This determines the absolute difference among the pair of the coordinates. The Power Distance Index measures power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system 2. The UAI describes to what extent nations avoid the unknown. Masculinity index - Countries with low MAS-sex is more mutual and equitable - Countries with high MAS-sex is more self-centered. According to Hofstede, power distance represents “the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally” (Hofstede, 1989: 28). If the power distance is low, the power is shared and members of society. These are: 1) Power Distance Index (high versus low). Low. Collectivism. In high-power distance index countries, employees are. ). Power distance (PDI) Hofstede’s Power distance Index measures the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions like the family, companies or any environment accept. The Power distance index measures the degree of hierarchy and focus of power and authority in the society House et al. Correlations between Hofstede's dimensions of power distance and uncertainty avoidance and selected indicators of the Human Development Report (HDR) were analyzed. View full document. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. A difference in power distance has been shown to be a major factor in decreasing motivation, especially when the superior follows a hierarchical leadership style but the subordinates expect equality. score of 40 (Figure 2). Other questions will test. This dimension expresses the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed. The Power distance index measures the degree of hierarchy and focus of power and authority in the society House et al. d. measures power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system. Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Russia and China are examples of high power distance countries with scores between 80 and 100. Power Distance Index. Power Distance Index. mcq, User Research Methods The degree of a society's level of inequality endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Measures achievement verses nurturing. Ambiguity The aesthetics of a culture are found in. A The value of dignity and respect a person gets from society B The degree to which a society considers achievement or nurture The concept, is used in cultural studies to understand the relationship between individuals with varying power, and the effect this has on society. High Power distance. The United States scores a compared to the of the German culture. The Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), one of the six dimensions of culture identified by Geert Hofstede, focuses on assertiveness and achievement. asked May 17, 2019 in Other by Derya (515 points) Power Distance Index measures _____. Power Distance Index (PDI) What does a high degree of PDI indicate?Measuring organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. Australia is a middle power in Asia. The power distance index focuses on the power and inequality level ofaculture;toelaborate onthematter,thismeasure looks at the order of hierarchy and equality within a certain culture. It represents the degree of inequality and dependence between people in a society. What is power distance index? Power distance index (credited to G H Hofstede) measures the extent to which the less powerful members of the society accept or expect power to be distributed unequally. IN PARTICULAR : Define Power Distance Index measures the extent to which the less "powerful" members of a group accept and expect that power will be distributed - related to how societies understand and tolerate inequality between members HIGH PDI = tolerant of inequalities and tend to be hierarchical by nature LOW PDI = do not tolerate. Hofstede’s Power distance Index measures the extent to which. From this perspective, for Hofstede, the basic point of reference when elaborating on PD is inequality in society. It enable to compare the three different society presented. Hofstede ( 1985) defines power distance as “the extent to which the members of a society accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally” (p. The data in the graph below may be used for non-commercial or non-profit purposes only. Hofstede’s Power distance Index measures the extent to which the less powerful members of. individualism vs. Explore 133 indicators across eight thematic measures of power. Question topics include the developer's background and the importance of the power distance theory. measures the tolerance of social inequality. It represents inequality and a society’s expectations of its leaders. The Power Distance Index measures how a culture handles inequality. , 2002). Basically, they have a PDI score of 80-100. Table 6. How is power distance measured? Power distance is typically measured using Hofstede's Power Distance Index (PDI), which assesses a society's level of power distance on a scale based on responses to survey questions related to authority and power distribution. The Power Distance Index (PDI) is a concept in social studies that measures the extent to which power or authority is distributed unequally in a society. Key Takeaways. Following its success in California, it opened in Florida and Tokyo, where greater levels of success were also recorded. Hofstede also introduces the PDI (Power Distance Index) to measure the power distance level in many cultures, in which “cultures with high PDI scores have power and influence concentrated in the. collectivism. Borrowing from the Dutch social psycholo-The Power Distance Index. 3 – Individualism index (IDV) for 50 countries and 3 regions (Hofstede, 1997: 53) Individualism vs. (2012). Hofstede (1984) defines power distance as “the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally”. In a plane with P at coordinate (x1, y1) and Q at (x2, y2). It was introduced in the 1970s by Geert Hofstede, who outlined a number of cultural theories throughout his work. singh. Hinduism practiced primarily in India subcontinent. Which of the following is used as a way of decreasing power distance in low power distance cultures: decentralizing activities. , 2002). I t is . Usually is present in such aspects of life as family, school, the workplace and the state. Some societies allow these differences to grow into power and wealth inequities over time, while others aim to limit such inequalities as much as possible. It can either be high power distance index whereby bureaucracy is encouraged or a low power distance index where participation and decentralization of power is encouraged. This is applicable not only within corporate structures but also within communities as a whole. doc, . Learn how Hofstede, GLOBE, and other researchers calculated PDI, what it means for work culture and international business, and how it relates to income inequality. Power Distance Index-Measures how much a culture is used to authority figures-High PDI cultures tend to have people in levels of power (dictatorships, boss vs. As shown in Table l, in large Power DistancePower distance may be defined as the degree of acceptance of unequal distribution of power that exists as a continuum in institutions such as families, schools and workplaces [8], [16]. He identified five dimensions of culture in his study of national work related values. KidFrogMaster907. Power Distance Index (PDI) Power distance describes the degree to which members of society expect and accept an uneven distribution of authority, resources, and privileges. by Willie Tan. The measure was. Power Distance Index (PDI) measures the tolerance of social inequality, that is, power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system. Masculinity vs Femininity. This is applicable not only within. individualism vs. Power distance index measures the distribution of power and wealth between individuals in a business, culture, or nation. This is. Power Distance Index. The Power Distance Index (PDI) measures to what degree a country, organization, or institution accepts the distribution of power and authority; it can be high, moderate, or low. It signifies inequality measured from below as opposed to above and suggests that it is endorsed by both followers and leaders (Hofstede, Dimensions, 2014). Search for: 'power distance' in Oxford Reference ». Cultures with low PDI scores value equality and reflect egalitarian. Power Distance Index Uncertainty Avoidance Index Masculinity index. measures power inequality between superiors and subordinates within. Show transcribed image text. The power distance index measures how less powerful members of a group or organization accept and anticipate power to be divided unequally. It also shows high respect for rank and authority. measures power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system. 9/25/2023. High Power distance. Hofstede developed a model that identifies four primary dimensions to assist in differentiating cultures: Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity, and Uncertainty Avoidance. Power distance Index measures the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Part of the index measures the ability of less powerful people in a situation to talk to the more powerful people in the situation. Power Distance "The extent to which the community accepts and endorses authority, power differences, and status privileges" High power distance communities expect everyone to obey their leaders without question, regardless of the context they are in. a low score means they value equality---FOCUSES ON AUTHORITY ORIENTATION. PDI is a part of cultural dimensions theory, an attempt to quantify the differences in attitudes between cultures. Malcolm Gladwell offers a good explanation in his book Outliers: The Story of Success when he talks about Hofstede’s power distance index, which compares the extent of unequal power distribution across countries. Those with a higher power distance scores appear to have a more "authoritarian" view of power. Measures the tolerance of social inequality. a. Power distance, however, is not significant in. coordinate everyday interactions and special occasions. The power distance index measures the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions like the family accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. China belongs to a high power distance culture. Is one of the attributes of national cultures identified by Geert Hofstede. Power distance index in working class family is higher than that in middle class family. 347). Individuals from cultures high on power distance display pride more readily after an achievement, such as winning a medal in the Olympics d. Countries lowest on the PDI are said to be: Austria. Through independent research over the coming decades, Hofstede revised his theories to include two additional dimensions of cultural values: long-term vs. According to Hofstede and Hofstede (2001), China scores high on the power distance index: 80 points compared to a world average of 56. The six dimensions are as follows: Power Distance Index: Hofstede’s Power distance Index measures the extent to which inequality and power are tolerated. False. The power gap index measures how much weaker members of a group or institution, such a family, accept and expect that power is not divided fairly. According to Hofstede and Hofstede (2001), China scores high on the power distance index: 80 points compared to a world average of 56. Go to top. Higher the acceptance and the expectation of power inequality, higher the power-distance. This metric is one of six measures in the Hofstede cultural dimensions theory. Development and studies on the. 4 This affects the way people function in their families, theirThe IDV measures the extent to which people look out for each other as a team or look out for themselves as an individual. a national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence. Hofstede’s Power distance Index measures the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions like the family, companies or any environment accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. femininity. , 2002). On the other hand, Germanic countries, including Anglophone countries, have a lower power distance (only 11 for Austria and 18 for Denmark). Individualism index: The index measure the extent to which a society is individualistic. long-term orientation. The Social Distance Scale (v1) is a brief self-report screening measure of patient adherence to social distancing and self-protective behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Measures the tolerance of social inequality, power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system High: hierarchical, citing social roles, manipulation, and inheritance as sources of power and social statusPower Distance Index Measures the tolerance of social inequality, that is, power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system * High PDI cultures tend to be hierarchical, with members citing social roles, manipulation, and inheritance as sources of power and social statusHofstede's Power distance Index measures the extent to which the less powerful. Power distance index (credited to G H Hofsteder) measures the extent to which the less powerful members of a society accept or expect power to be distributed unequally. expect formal hierarchies, authoritarian, Asian cultures. This suggests that Canadian businesses will need. 1. power seen as providing social order. Power Distance Index. Greater Global Connections Fact: 40% more GDP growth. Eq. Hofstede’s Power distance Index measures the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. National Economics University. Power Distance Index measures. The PDI looks at the extent to which people in a culture accept the unequal distribution of power and the degree to which they accept that power should be respected. Hofstede’s PDI is lower in organizations where executives work closely with subordinates and higher in places with a strong. Hofstede’s Power distance Index measures the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. A The value of dignity and respect a person gets from society; B The degree to which a society considers achievement or nurture; C The authority of the user over a product; D The degree of a society Q 20: It is a sequential art, where images are arrayed together to visualize the story. 3) Masculinity Versus Femininity. Collectivism. Long- Versus Short-Term Orientation. The following are types of power distance index: Vertical PDI. High power distance index indicates that a culture accepts inequity and power differences, and it encourages bureaucracy. . Power distance index. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. The quiz will test you on the history of Hofstede's Power Distance. Knowledge of power distance enables project managers to implement measures to influence it towards higher productivity. The power-distance index measures the degree to which the members of a group or society accept the hierarchy of power and authority. According to Geert Hofstede , Power Distance Index ( PDI ) measures the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions ( like the family ) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally . Can an individual’s background influence their perception of power distance? Power distance index (PDI) measures the extent to which people accept the inequality of power in a society or organization. g. Cultures with high PDI scores tend to be hierarchical and value power and social status 3. Power Distance Index (PDI) is a measure of the degrA. It can either be high power distance index whereby bureaucracy is encouraged or a low power distance index where participation and decentralization of power is encouraged. Such cultures emphasize an unequal distribution of power among the population, and. Masculinity Index. 1. measures power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system. Power Distance Index. | uncertainty avoidance. High PDI › hierarchical, with members citing social roles, manipulation, and inheritance as sources of power and social status. Measures the tolerance of social inequality. What indicators you think can be used for measuring the incidence of power distance in an organization? Employer Branding People Management Strategic Human Resource. It represents inequality and a society’s expectations of its leaders. While several scales are informally circulating at this stage of the pandemic, the Social Distance Scale (v1) now has initial psychometric information to support its use. Riding on this wave of success, Walt Disney ventured into Europe opening the first theme park in France. Countries with high power distance tend to use participative decision making. Typically, though not exclusively, the developed. Man in suit holding an engineering light bulb icon Hofstede’s power-distance index measures how acceptable an unequal spread of power is to a society. false. In the table, we break Hofstede's scores into high (70–100), medium (40–69), and low (0–39). “. csv and . Power distance measures the various levels separating people based on various factors like wealth, power, or authority (Northouse, 2019, p. High power distance means that power is unevenly distributed; low power distance means that power is more evenly distributed [TIP]. Members within a power network may accept or reject the power distance within an. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Cultural Distance, Administrative Distance, Economic Distance and more. 1. ( Hofstede, 2010). The Power Distance Index is defined as “the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Power-distance Culturally, the UK scores low for power-distance, a measure of the extent to which less powerful members of society expect and accept that unequal distribution of power. The Power Distance Index measures power inequality: those in a high Power Distance culture are deferential to leadership; in low Power Distance cultures it’s OK to wear your “Question Authority” T-shirt to work. So, what cultures are higher on the Power Distance Index? Well. 3. Hofstede included six key aspects of national culture country comparison scales, including: the power distance index (PDI), individualism vs. He has become known for pioneering research on national and organisational cultures. The Power Distance Index measures power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system 2. A fifth dimension, long term orientation and a sixth dimension, indulgence. Chapters 4-6. Power Distance Index (PDI) is a term developed by Dutch social psychologist Geert Hofstede. For instance, Guatemala has a score of 95 while Israel scores 13 with a very low power distance, whereas the United States stands somewhere in between with a score of 40. The average of PDI (Power Distance Index) of Asian countries is 64, but the PDI of China is 80. Power distance measures how much a culture has respect for authority. only one true God, requires unconditional acceptance of uniqueness, power, and authority. measures power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system. to which power is distributed within a society with a high power. cultural values can predict _____ behavior. uncertainty avoidance index. Get a hint. FALSE. High power distance index indicates that a. Students also studiedAccording to Hofstede, power distance is based on the value system of the most powerful members. Hofstede originally identified four dimensions for defining work-related values associated with national culture: power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity. 1 – Power distance index. femininity. From this dimension, an. Having put the Nazi Party and East/West Germany behind it, the Fatherland now measures a modest 35 on the Power Distance Index Scale (Hofstede). This measurement can explain or reveal characteristics about relationships between bosses and subordinates around the world. Power distance measures a degree to which less powerful members of organizations can. The first dimension of national culture is called Power Distance. Power distance. Power Distance Index (high versus low). the countries with stronger individualistic orientation tend to be slower in stringency measures. (Power rests with superiors . Key Takeaways The power-distance index measures the degree to which the members of a group or society accept the hierarchy of power. Power Distance Index (PDI) focuses on authority orientation The Power Distance Index measures power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system Cultures with high PDI scores tend to be hierarchical and value power and social status High PDI cultures: those who hold power are entitled to privileges Cultures w/ low PDI. 1 ). The power distance in The United States scores a 40 on the cultural scale. Measures the tolerance of uncertainty and ambiguity. Implications of Power Distance. Organizational hierarchyFrom the pictorial data above we see that Nigeria scores very high above the average: 80/120; 67% on the scale. Power distance measures a degree to which less powerful members of organizations can accept uneven distribution of power. A low index expects a less rigid or authoritarian system, a high index expects clear hierarchy and unchallenged. It is used to measure the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within. The Power distance index measures the degree of hierarchy and focus of power and authority in the society (Hofstede et al. 1. It suggests that a society’s level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as mush as by the leaders. asked Jun 13, 2019 in User Research Methods by parvinder. 2. Germany has a 35 on the scale compared to Arab. Classroom interaction affected by Power Distance To clarify the effects of Power Distance on classroom interaction, Table l was constructed, based on the author’s personal experiences as a teacher as well as studies by language researchers, educators and psychologists (see sections 3. Some measures could be taken to mitigate the negative effects of High Power Distance such as: · Assessment of employee satisfaction and acknowledging issues should be a first step. The Philippines, with an. High Power distance. Table 3 also reports how the VSM 2013 scale scores for power distance and its component items correlated with other measures of power distance. It suggests that a society’s level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. The unknown is more openly accepted, and there are lax rules. 4 – Masculinity index (MAS) for 50 countries and 3 regions (Hofstede, 1997: 84) He also developed the power distance index to determine if a country has high, low, or moderate power distance. of a society accept—even expect—power to be distributed unequally. chosen as the central question for measuring power distance (Hofstede 2001: 53). femininity. To fill the need for power distance measures at the. The Power Distance Index is defined as “the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Members within a power network may accept or reject the power distance within an. Roy Philip. As (Table 1) shows, many of the emerging markets in regions such as Asia and Latin America, such as India, Brazil, and Mexico, all have high power distance scores. Therefore, we argue that. High PDI cultures the those who hold power are entitled to privileges 4. Power Distance Index. MAS represents specific values that a society values. short-term orientation. safety measures, and a belief in absolute truth. An effective distance metric improves the performance of our machine learning model, whether that’s for classification tasks or. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In low power distance cultures, managers, In high power distance cultures, access to power is regulated. Power distance Index measures how the less powerful members of a society or institution agree to and expect the uneven distribution of power. Power distance, however, is not significant in. restraint. Which country is likely to score high on Hofstede's masculinity and power distance measures? Costa Rica. measures the tolerance of social inequality. Disruption three. Power Distance Index (PDI) A. Measures the tolerance of uncertainty and ambiguity among members of a society. An online intercultural training game that tests your intercultural knowledge and increases your cultural competence for living and working in a global environment. The arts, music, dance, and dress On the basis of Hofstede's four dimensions, cultures with high Power Distance Index (PDI) scores tend to. For example, democratic countries typically have low power distance because everyone has an equal share in decisions, while high power distance is best characterized by monarchies and dictatorships where only a few have access to power and others are removed from decision-making. Power distance index measures the extents to which less powerful members of organization and institutions accept unequal distribution. It is a measure of the extent to which members of a. Click the card to flip 👆. Individualism vs. Cultures differ in their level of power distance, and those with high power distance justify inequalities in the society or ingroup, whereas those with low power. Masculinity. New Zealand, Denmark, Norway, United Kingdom and Germany have low power distance scores between 18 and 35. The definition loses all or most of its. The Power Distance Index (PDI) is an important part of the Hofstede Model of Cultural Dimension, which was developed by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede. The power distance index measures how less powerful members of a group or organization accept and anticipate power to be divided unequally. 112 Greece 8 Singapore . , 2010, House et al.